Rates are low, but consumers won't borrow
With heavy debt loads and high joblessness, Americans are cautious.

　　A) The U.S. Federal Reserve (Fed)'s announcement last week that it intended to keep credit cheap for at least two more years was a clear invitation to Americans: Go out and borrow. But   many economists say it will take more than low interest rates to persuade consumers to take on more debt. There are already signs that the recent stock market fluctuations, turbulence in Europe and the U.S. deficit have scared consumers. On Friday, preliminary data showed that the Thomson Reuters / University of Michigan consumer sentiment index had fallen this month to lower than it was in November 2008, when the United State was deep in recession.
　　B) Under normal circumstances, the Fed's announcement might have attracted new home and car buyers and prompted credit card holders to rack up fresh charges. But with unemployment high and those with jobs worried about keeping them, consumers are more concerned about paying off the loans they already have than adding more debt. And by showing its hand for the next two years, the Fed may have thoughtlessly invited prospective borrowers to put off large purchases.
　　C) Lenders, meanwhile, are still dealing with the effects of the boom-gone-bust and are forcing prospective borrowers to go to extraordinary lengths to prove their creditworthiness. "I don't think lenders are going to be interested in extending a lot of debt in this environment," said Mark Zandi, chief economist of Moody's Analytics, a macroeconomic consulting firm. "Nor do I think households are going to be interested in taking on a lot of debt."
　　D) In housing, consumers have already shown a slow response to low rates. Applications for new mort-gages have decreased this year to a 10-year low, according to the Mortgage Bankers Association. Sales of furniture and furnishings remain 22% below their pre-recession peak, according to Spending-Pulse, a research report by MasterCard Advisors. Credit card rates have actually gone up slightly in the past year. The one bright spot in lending is the number of auto loans, which is up from last year. But some economists say that confidence among car buyers is hitting new lows.
　　E) For Xavier Walter, a former mortgage banker who with his wife, Danielle, accumulated $20,000 in credit card debt low rates will not change his spending habits. As the housing market topped out five years ago, he lost his six-figure income. He and his wife were able to modify the mortgage on their four-bed-room house in Medford, New Jersey, as well as negotiate lower credit card payments Two years ago, Mr. Walter, a 34-year-old father of three, started an energy business. He has sworn off credit “Tm not going to go back in debt ever again," he said. "If I can't pay for it in cash, I don't want it."
　　F) Until now, one of the biggest restraints on consumer spending has been a debt aftereffect. Since August 2008, when household debt peaked at $12.41 trillion, it has declined by about $1.2 trillion, according to an analysis by Moody's Analytics of data from the Federal Reserve and Equifax, the credit agency. A large portion of that, though, was simply written off by lenders as borrowers defaulted on loans.
　　G) By other measures, households have improved their position. The proportion of after-tax income that households spend to remain current on loan payments has fallen. Still, household debt remains high. That presents a paradox: many economists argue that the economy cannot achieve true health until debt levels decline. But credit, made attractive by low rates, is a time-tested way to increase consumer spending.
　　H) With new risks of another downturn, economists worry that it will take years for debt to return to manageable levels. If the economy contracts again, said George Magnus, senior adviser at UBS, then "you could find a lot of households in a debt trap which they probably can never get out of."
　　I) Mortgage lenders, meanwhile, burned by the housing crash, are extra careful about approving new loans. In June, for instance, Fannie Mae, the largest mortgage buyer in the United States, said that borrowers whose existing debt exceeded 45 to 50% of their income would be required to have stronger "compensating" factors, which might include higher savings.
　　J) Even those borrowers in strong financial positions are asked to provide unusual amounts of paper-work. Bobby and Katie Smith have an extremely good credit record, tiny student debt and a combined six-figure income. For part of their down payment, they planned to use about $5,000 they had received as wedding gifts in February. But the lender would not accept that money unless the Smiths provided a certified letter from each of 14 guests, stating that the money was a gift, rather than a loan. "We laughed for a good 15 or 20 minutes," recalled Mr. Smith, 34. Mr. Smith, a program director for a radio station in Orlando, Florida, said they ended up using other savings for their down payment to buy a $300,000 four-bedroom house in April.
　　K) For those not as creditworthy as the Smiths, low rates are irrelevant because they no longer qualify for mortgages. That leaves the eligible pool of loan applicants wealthier, "older and whiter," said Guy Cecala, publisher of Inside Mortgage Finance. "It's creating much more of a divide," he said, "between the haves and the have-nots."
　　L) Car shoppers with the highest credit ratings can also get loans more easily, and at lower rates, said Paul C. Taylor, chief economist of the National Automobile Dealers Association. During the recession, inability to obtain credit severely cut auto buying as lenders rejected even those with good credit ratings. Now automakers are increasing their subprime (次级债的) lending again as well, but remain hesitant to approve large numbers of risky customers. The number of new auto loans was up by 16% in the second quarter compared with the previous year, .said Melinda Zabritski, director of auto motive credit at Experian, the information services company.
　　M) But some economists warn that consumer confidence is falling. According to CNW Marketing Research, confidence among those who intend to buy a car this year is at its lowest since it began collecting data on this measure in 2000.
　　N) On credit cards, rates have actually inched higher this year, largely because of new rules that curb the issuer's ability to charge fees or raise certain interest rates at will. At the end of the second quarter, rates averaged 14.01% on new card offers, up from 13.75% a year earlier, according to Mail Monitor, which tracks credit cards for Synovate, a market research firm. According to data from the Federal Reserve, total outstanding debt on revolving credit cards was down by 4.6% during the first half of the year compared with the same period a year earlier.
　　O) Even if the Fed's announcement helps keep rates steady, or pushes them down, businesses do not expect customers to suddenly charge up a storm. "It's not like, 'Oh, credit is so cheap, let's go back to the heydays (鼎盛时期)," said Elizabeth Crowell, who owns Sterling Place, two high-end home furnishing and gift stores in New York. "People still fear for their jobs. So I think where maybe after other recessions they might return to previous spending habits, the pendulum hasn't swung back the same way."

Directions:
    Study the following photos carefully and write an essay in which you should
    (1) describe the photos briefly,
    (2) interpret the social phenomenon reflected by them, and
    (3) give your point of view.
    You should write 160-200 words neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.

     图一 把崇拜写在脸上      图二 花300元做个“小贝头”  

            注：Beckham（贝克汉姆）：英国足球明星。                         

    Certain phrases one commonly hears among Americans capture their devotion to individualism: “Do you own thing.” “I did it my way.” “You’ll have to decided that for yourself.” “You made your bed, now (1) ________ in it.” “if you don’t look out for yourself, no one else will.” “Look out for number one.”
    Closely (2) ________ with the value they place on individualism is the importance Americans (3) ________ to privacy. Americans assume that people need some time to themselves or some time alone to think about things or recover their (4) ________ psychological energy. Americans have great (5) ________ understanding foreigners who always want to be with another person who dislike being alone.
If the parents can (6) ________ it, each child will have his or her own bedroom, even as an (7) ________, fixes in a person the notion that (8) _______________________________. Having one’s own bedroom, her books, her books and so on. These things will be hers and no one else’s.
    Americans assumer that (9) _______________________________. Doctors, lawyers, psychologists, and others have rules governing confidentiality that are intended to prevent information about their clients’ personal situations form becoming known to others.
    American’s attitude about privacy can be hard for foreigners to understand. (10) _________________________. When those boundaries are crossed, an American’s body will visibly stiffen and his manner will become cool and aloof.

如图所示，以的单色光源照射双缝，在点观察到第7级明条纹，现在缝上加盖一厚度为的介质膜片，在点观察到级明条纹，则膜片的折射率为________。